Direct and Indirect Speech are parts of narration in English grammar. Read Direct and Indirect Speech in Hindi with simple explanations, rules, with examples to understand narration better.
कल्पना करें कि दो लड़के आर्यन और राहुल आपस में बातचीत कर रहे हैं। उनके पास ही एक लड़की निहारिका खड़ी है वह उन दोनों लड़कों की बातें बड़े ध्यान से सुनती है और वही बातें अपनी सहेली कनिका को टेलीफोन पर बताती है। यह सारी बातें निहारिका दो तरह से अपनी सहेली को बता सकती है जैसे:-
- Aryan says to Rahul, ” I am not in a good mood.”
- Aryan tells Rahul that he is not in a good mood”
ऊपर बताई गयी पहली विधि जिसमें निहारिका का आर्यन के कहे हुए बिल्कुल वही शब्द, वही भाव, बगैर किसी तरह के परिवर्तन के कनिका को बताती है उसे direct form of narration अर्थात direct speech कहा जाता है।
दूसरी विधि जिसमें निहारिका अपने शब्दों में आर्यन की बातचीत को अपनी सहेली कनिका से बताती है, उसे indirect form of narration अर्थात indirect speech कहा जाता है।
सारांश में हम कह सकते हैं कि किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा बताई हुई बात यदि किसी दूसरे व्यक्ति को बताना हो तो इसके दो तरीके हैं
- बताई हुई बात को उसके उसी रूप में कह दिया जाए।
- उस बात का भाव अपने शब्दों में दूसरे को कहा जाए।
पहली विधि को Direct speech और दूसरी विधि को Indirect speech कहते हैं।
यहाँ तक आपने जाना नरेशन क्या होता है? तथा Direct speach और Indirect speech क्या होते हैं? अब हम Reporting Verb तथा Reported Speech को समझते हैं।
Reporting Verb and reported speech in hindi
इसे एक उदाहरण के माध्यम से समझते हैं – Mannu said to Annu, ”Seema is coming for dinner today.” (मनु ने अनु से कहा, ”सीमा आज खाना खाने आ रही है।”)
इस वाक्य में ”said ” Reporting verb है और “Seema is coming for dinner today.” Reported speech है। Inverted commas से पहले जो verb आता है उसे Reporting verb और Inverted commas में जो वाक्य आता है उसे Reporting speech कहा जाता हैं।
Parts of reporting speech
Reporting speech तीन parts से मिलकर बनता है-
- Reporter: वक्ता या कथन कहने वाला reporter कहलाता है उपरोक्त वाक्य में मनु द्वारा अनु को बताया जाता है की सीमा खाने पर आ रही है अतः मनु reporter है।
- Reporting verbs: reporter द्वारा प्रयोग किये गए verb को reporting verb कहते है; Mannu said to Annu, यहाँ said (कहना) Reporting verb है।
- Reporting object: वक्ता जिससे कथन कहता है या वक्ता की बात को सुनने वाला Reporting object कहलाता है।
वक्ता द्वारा कही गयी बात को reported speech कहा जाता है, जैसे- Rakesh said to Rahul,” I will go to Mumbai today”. कथन में Inverted commas के अन्दर जो वाक्य आता है उसे Reported speech कहते हैं,जैसे- (“I will go to Mumbai today”) Reported speech है।
Direct and Indirect Speech Rules in Hindi
Rule-1: Indirect बनाते समय Reported speech में आए हुए Pronouns इस क्रम में बदल जाते हैं:-
- First person को subject में बदल दिया जाता है
- Second person को object में बदल दिया जाता है।
- Third person में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं किया जाता है।
Rule-2: यदि Reported verb भूतकाल में हो तो Direct speech को Indirect speech में बदलते समय Reporting speech में आने वाले निकटता सूचक शब्द या दूरी सूचक शब्द और समय को दर्शाने वाले शब्द जैसे: this, here, now, today आदि को नीचे दी गई सारणी के अनुसार Change किया जाता है।
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| This | that |
| Here | There |
| Now | Then |
| Ago | Before |
| Last | The previous |
| Next | The following |
| Today | That day |
| Tonight | That night |
| Yesterday | the previous day |
| Tomorrow | The next day |
Rule-3: अगर Reporting verb वर्तमान काल (Present tense) में अथवा भविष्य काल (Future tense) में है तो Reporting speech के verb में किसी प्रकार का भी परिवर्तन नहीं किया जाता।
Rule-4: यदि Reported verb मैं कोई अटल सच्चाई, मुहावरा, लोकोक्ति, आदत आदि हो, तो उसका वर्तमान काल नहीं बदलता।
Rule-5: अगर Reporting verb भूतकाल में हो तो Indirect बनाते समय reported speech में निम्नलिखित प्रकार से परिवर्तन किए जाते हैं।
- Is, am, are changed into was/were.
- was/were are changed into had been.
- Shall and will are changed into should, would.
- Can is changed into could.
- May is changed into might.
Tenses को नेचे दी हुई टेबल के अनुसार बदलेंगे
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| Present indefinite | past indefinite |
| Present continuous | past continuous |
| Present perfect continuous | past perfect continuous |
| Present perfect continuous | past perfect continuous |
| Past indefinite | past perfect |
| Past continuous | past perfect continuous |
| Past perfect | No change |
| Past perfect continuous | No change |
Rule-6: अगर Reporting verb, Past tense में हो तो Reported speech में use होने वाले Modals और helping verb को नीचे दी गई सारणी के अनुसार Change किया जाता है।
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| 1st form/+s/+es | second form |
| Do/Does + 1st form | Second from (Interrogative) |
| Do/Does + 1st form | Did + 1st form (Assertive or Negative) |
| 2nd form | Had + 3rd form |
| Is/am/are | was/were |
| Did + 1st form | had + 3rd form |
| Will/shall | would/should |
| May/can | might/could |
Examples of direct and indirect speech
Assertive Sentence : Assertive वाक्यों में say और says को बदलकर tell या tells लगा दिया जाता है और commas को हटाकर that का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Sad to को told मैं बदल दिया जाता है।
Examples of Assertive Sentences
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| He says, “My sister is out of the country.” | He says that his sister is out of the country. |
| Sapna will say, “Life has been very hard.” | Sapna will say that life has been very hard. |
| The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.” | The teacher said that the Earth moves around the Sun. |
| She said to me, “I am going to Delhi.” | She told me that she was going to Delhi. |
| My servant said, “Breakfast is really.” | My servant said that breakfast was ready. |
Direct and Indirect Speech Interrogative Sentences Rules in Hindi
Interrogative Sentence: प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य में sad to के स्थान पर asked और commas को हटाते हुए if का weather प्रयोग किया जाता है। प्रश्नवाचक चिन्ह को हटाकर पूर्ण विराम लगाया जाता है। जो प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य helping verb की सहायता से बनते हैं वहां तो if या weather का प्रयोग होता है परंतु जो प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य why, what, where, whose, which, when, how आदि से शुरू होते हैं वहां if या weather नहीं लगाए जाते।
Examples of Interrogative Sentences
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| Rajan said to me, “Will I accompany you to Shimla?” | Rajan asked me if he would accompany me to Shimla. |
| The daughter said to her mother, “Did you prepare breakfast?” | Daughter asked her mother if she had prepared breakfast. |
| I said to him, “When are you coming? | I asked him when he was coming. |
| He said, “Will you serve me faithfully?” | He asked him whether he serve him faithfully. |
| Ram said to Rohan, “How did you solve this sum?” | Ram asked Rohan how he had solved that sum. |
| He said to me, “What is your father?” | He asked me what my father was. |
| My friend said to me, “What do you want to say?” | My friend asked me what I wanted to say. |
| He said to me, “Can you solve this sum?” | He asked me if I could solve that sum. |
Direct and Indirect Speech Imperative Sentences Rules in Hindi
Imperative Sentence: Imperative वाक्यों में reporting verb के अर्थ अथवा भाव के अनुसार requested, advised, forbade, proposed, suggested आदि said to के स्थान पर लगाया जाता है और commas हटाकर to लगाया जाता है। नकारात्मक (negative) वाक्यों में to के स्थान पर not to लगाया जाता है।
Examples of Imperative Sentences
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| My friend said to me, “Please accept this invitation.” | My friend requested me to accept that invitation. |
| He said to her, “Don’t bother about me.” | He told her not to bother about him. |
| Son said to his father, “Pardon me.” | Son begged his father to pardon him |
| The doctor said to the patient, “Give up smoking.” | The doctor advised the patient to give up smoking. |
| He said to me, “Wait here till I come back.” | He ordered me to wait there till he came back. |
| The teacher said to the boy, “Leave the classroom at once.” | The teacher ordered the boy to leave the classroom at once. |
| Ram said to Ramesh, “Please help me.” | Ram requested Ramesh to help him. |
| He said, “Let us play a game.” | He proposed that they should play a game. |
Direct and Indirect Speech Exclamatory Sentences Rules in Hindi
- Exclamatory वाक्यों को assertive वाक्य में बदल दिया जाता है और alas, hurrah, how, what आदि शब्द हटा दिए जाते हैं।
- Alas को exclaimed with sorrow या exclaimed sorrowfully में बदल दिया जाता है।
- Hurrah को exclaimed with joy या exclaimed with joyfully में बदल दिया जाता है।
- चकित करने वाले वाक्यों में exclaimed with surprise का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
- शाबाश या उत्साहित करने वाले वाक्य जैसे Bravo को applauded मैं बदल दिया जाता है। दुख प्रकट करने के लिए लिए explained with regret का प्रयोग होता है और sas को sad to हटा दिया जाता है। Commas के स्थान पर that का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
- जब किसी वाक्य में आदर प्रगट किया जाए या समय के अनुसार इज्जत दी जाए तो उन वाक्यों को direct से Indirect में बदलते समय sad to को bade या wished में बदल दिया जाता है। उदाहरण:-
Examples of Exclamatory Sentences
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| He said, “Alas! I have been ruined.” | He exclaimed with regret that he had been ruined. |
| “How brave he is!” Sad image, friend. | His friend exclaimed that he was very brave. |
| The teacher said, “Bravo! You have done wonders! | The teacher applauded them and said that they had done wonders. |
| The girl said to her friend, “How foolish I have been! | The girl exclaimed with regard to her friend that she had been very foolish. |
| My mother said, “May you live long! | My mother prayed that I might live long. |
| “What a beautiful sight!” said Priyanka | Priyanka exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sight. |
| I said to my friend, “Good morning! How are you? | I wished my friend good morning and asked how he was. |
| The teacher said, “How foolish you are, Ashok.” | The teacher exclaimed that Ashok was very foolish. |
Conclusion
Narration किसी वक्ता द्वारा कहे गए शब्दों को प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से व्यक्त करने की प्रक्रिया है। किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा कही गई बात को उसी रूप में कह देना प्रत्यक्ष कथन (direct speech) तथा उसी बात को अपने शब्दों से बताना अप्रत्यक्ष कथन (indirect speech) कहलाता है। आशा करते है यह पोस्ट Direct and Indirect Speech in Hindi आपके पसंद आया होगा।
